Which learning process is primarily characterized by teacher-directed instruction?

The correct choice is pedagogy, which refers specifically to the method and practice of teaching, particularly in relation to children. In a pedagogical approach, the teacher is typically the primary authority and directs the learning experience, guiding students through structured lessons and curriculum. This process emphasizes the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student, often through direct instruction, lectures, and standardized assessments.

While andragogy focuses on adult learning, highlighting the importance of self-directedness and experience, and formal learning occurs in structured settings with defined curricula, pedagogy is distinct in that it centers on teacher-led instruction tailored for younger learners. Informal learning, on the other hand, occurs outside traditional educational systems and is often unstructured, leading away from the systematic and authoritative model that characterizes pedagogy. Thus, pedagogy is the choice that aligns with teacher-directed learning environments.